Lisdexanfetamina comparada a Metilfenidato ou antidepressivos no tratamento de TDAH em crianças e adolescentes: revisão rápida de evidências / Lisdexamfetamine compared to Methylphenidate or antidepressants for treatment of ADHD: rapid response review of evidence

Lisdexanfetamina e drogas disponíveis no SUS (metilfenidato, bupropiona, amitriptilina, clomipramina, nortriptilina). Indicação: Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) em crianças e adolescentes. Pergunta: Lisdexanfetamina é eficaz e segura para melhoria de sintomática, comparada ao placebo e medicações disponíveis no SUS, no tratamento de crianças e adolescentes com TDAH? Métodos: Revisão rápida de evidências (overview) de revisões sistemáticas, com levantamento bibliográfico realizado na base de dados PUBMED, utilizando estratégia estruturada de busca. A qualidade metodológica das revisões sistemáticas foi avaliada com AMSTAR-2 (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews). Resultados: Foram selecionadas 3 revisões sistemáticas, que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Conclusão: Lisdexanfetamina e metilfenidato são mais eficazes que placebo, e similares entre si, para reduzir sintomas em escalas de avaliação. Lisdexanfetamina e metilfenidato têm risco similar ao placebo de abandono do tratamento devido a efeitos adversos. Bupropiona não é mais eficaz que placebo para alívio sintomático. Lisdexanfetamina tem efeitos adversos de redução do apetite e insônia/ dificuldades do sono. Não foram encontradas evidências na literatura sobre os efeitos terapêuticos de amitriptilina, clomipramina e nortriptilina no tratamento de crianças e adolescentes com TDAH

Lisdexamfetamine and drugs available in the Brazilian Public Health System (BPHS) (methylphenidate, bupropion, amitriptyline, clomipramine, nortriptyline, bupropion). Indication: Children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Question: Lisdexamfetamine is effective and safe for symptomatic improvement, compared to placebo and drugs available in the BPHS, for treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD? Methods: Rapid response review of evidence (overview) of systematic reviews, with bibliographic search in the PUBMED database, using a structured strategy. The methodological quality of systematic reviews was assessed with AMSTAR-2 (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews). Results: 3 systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria and were selected. Conclusion: Lisdexamfetamine and methylphenidate are more effective than placebo, and similar to each other, to reduce symptoms on rating scales. Lisdexamfetamine and methylphenidate are not different from placebo in the risk of treatment discontinuation due to adverse effects. Bupropion is no more effective than placebo for symptomatic relief. Lisdexamfetamine has adverse effects of decreased appetite and insomnia/sleep troubles. No evidence was found in the literature about therapeutic effects of amitriptyline, clomipramine and nortriptyline for treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD

Tratamiento del trastorno de déficit de atención con hiperactividad en población pediátrica: revisión bibliográfica / Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the pediatric population: literature review

El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno del comportamiento común en la infancia, caracterizado por la presencia de hiperactividad, impulsividad, problemas de atención y dificultades en las interacciones sociales. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica fue identificar los tratamientos disponibles para el manejo del TDAH, tanto farmacológicos como no farmacológicos. La búsqueda se realizó en PubMed y Google Scholar, recopilando 285 artículos. Se excluyeron aquellos que no estaban en inglés o español, incluían población adulta o no se ajustaban al propósito de la revisión. Se seleccionaron 48 artículos y se incluyeron finalmente 30 para la lectura. Se concluye que la evidencia sugiere un enfoque combinado de tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico. Entre los tratamientos farmacológicos, los estimulantes como el metilfenidato siguen siendo la opción de primera línea. Además, hay estudios preliminares que respaldan la suplementación de hierro, vitamina D, zinc, omega 3, ginseng rojo y proteína de suero de leche. En cuanto a los tratamientos no farmacológicos, hay una amplia variedad de estrategias terapéuticas, como psicoeducación, entrenamiento en habilidades sociales, terapia de aceptación y compromiso, entrenamiento para padres, neurofeedback, aplicaciones de juegos móviles, actividad física, higiene del sueño, estimulación magnética transcraneal, acupuntura y terapia asistida por caballos. Aunque estos estudios son prometedores, muchos son incipientes, y se requiere más investigación en este campo.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioral disorder in childhood, characterized by the presence of hyperactivity and impulsivity, attention problems, and difficulties in social interactions. The objective of this bibliographic review was to identify the available treatments for the non-pharmacological and pharmacological management of ADHD. A search was conducted in PubMed for articles published in the last 5 years and in Google Scholar since 2018, resulting in 285 collected articles. Articles not in English or Spanish, including adults in their population, or not fitting the purpose of this review were excluded. Out of 48 selected articles for reading, 30 were finally included. The available evidence suggests a combined approach of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. Stimulants such as methylphenidate continue to be the first-line treatment among pharmacological measures. Incipient studies recommend the use of iron, vitamin D, zinc, omega 3, red ginseng, and whey protein supplementation. Non-pharmacological measures include a variety of therapeutic strategies, such as psychoeducation, training in social skills, acceptance and commitment therapy, training for parents, neurofeedback, mobile game applications, physical activity, sleep hygiene, transcranial magnetic stimulation, acupuncture, and horse-assisted therapy. While these studies show promise, most are still in the early stages, emphasizing the need for further research in this area.

Menores em uso de Ritalina: percalços no acompanhamento da Atenção Primária à Saúde / Minors using Ritalin: obstacles in Primary Health Care surveillance

Objetivo: compreender como ocorre o acompanhamento de crianças e adolescentes em uso de Ritalina pelos profissio-nais enfermeiros das unidades Estratégias Saúde da Família. Métodos: estudo qualitativo ancorado no referencial teó-rico dos atributos essenciais da atenção primária à saúde, no qual participaram 27 enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entre-vistas, que passaram por análise de conteúdo, com o auxílio do software NVivo. Resultados: emergiram três categorias: (Des)conhecimento sobre a população usuária de Ritalina: sobre a co-responsabilização do processo assistencial e as dificuldades enfrentadas para o acompanhamento do uso da Ritalina; Saberes e fazeres da atenção primária no cenário de utilização da Ritalina; A prescrição da Ritalina como de-manda da instituição escolar. Conclusão: o acompanhamen-to das crianças e adolescentes em uso de Ritalina está fragi-lizado, sendo necessário que a atenção primária à saúde se estruture, amplie e fortaleça os cuidados a essa população. (AU)

Atenção auditiva sustentada em crianças com transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade: o efeito da medicação / Sustained auditory attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the effects of medication

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar a habilidade atencional auditiva em crianças portadoras de transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade/impulsividade (TDAH) antes e após o uso da medicação psicoestimulante. Métodos Participaram do estudo oito crianças do gênero masculino, com TDAH, entre 8 e 10 anos de idade. Todas faziam uso de medicamentos psicoestimulantes. Para avaliar o comportamento auditivo, foi aplicado o questionário Scale of Auditory Behaviors (SAB) e para identificar possíveis sintomas de desatenção, o Swanson, Nolan e Pelham (SNAP-IV). A habilidade auditiva atencional foi avaliada pelo Teste de Habilidade de Atenção Auditiva Sustentada (THAAS) pré e pós-uso do medicamento psicoestimulante. Neste teste, foram analisados os erros de desatenção, de impulsividade e de decréscimo de vigilância. A análise dos dados foi feita com base nos testes Wilcoxon e Correlação de Spearman. Resultados O questionário SAB mostrou-se alterado na maior parte das crianças, as quais também apresentaram sinais de desatenção e/ou impulsividade no questionário SNAP-IV. No THASS, observou-se diferença nos quesitos desatenção (p=0,017) e pontuação total de erros pré e pós-medicação (p=0,025). Conclusão Houve melhora no desempenho do teste que avaliou a habilidade atencional auditiva após o uso da medicação psicoestimulante, com destaque para o item desatenção.

ABSTRACT Purpose To compare the auditory attention ability in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) before and after the use of psychostimulant medication. Methods Eight male children with ADHD participated in the study, between eight and ten years old. All participants used psychostimulant drugs. To assess auditory behavior, the Scale of Auditory Behaviors (SAB) and SNAP-IV questionnaires were applied to identify possible symptoms of inattention and/or impulsivity. To assess auditory attention ability, the Sustained Auditory Attention Ability Test (SAAAT) was applied before and after the use of the psychostimulant medication. In this test, the errors of inattention, impulsiveness and decreased vigilance were analyzed. For data analysis, the Wilcoxon and Spearman correlation tests were used. Results The SAB questionnaire showed changes in most children, who also showed signs of inattention and/or impulsivity in the SNAP-IV questionnaire. In the SAAAT, a difference was observed in the item inattention (p=0.017) and in total score of errors before and after medication (p=0.025). Conclusion There was an improvement in the test performance assessing the auditory attention ability after the use of psychostimulant medication, with emphasis on the item inattention.

Medicalização, dislexia e tda/h no ensino superior: contribuições da psicologia histórico-cultural / Medicalización, dislexia y tda/h en la enseñanza superior: contribuciones de la psicología histórico-cultural / Medicalization, dyslexia and adhd in higher education: contributions from cultural historical psychology

RESUMO Entende-se por medicalização o processo pelo qual situações cotidianas são individualizadas e transformadas em problemas médicos. O ensino superior tem sido alvo de práticas medicalizantes, principalmente em relação ao Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção com/sem Hiperatividade (TDA/H) e dislexia, uma vez que não existe um consenso sobre a existência destes supostos transtornos. Desta forma, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo conhecer e analisar os laudos de dislexia e TDA/H utilizados para o ingresso no ensino superior a partir das contribuições da Teoria Histórico-Cultural. Neste estudo, foi realizado um levantamento dos laudos nos anos de 2003 a 2016 apresentados por candidatos junto ao setor responsável pelos processos seletivos da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU). Foram elencados 809 requerimentos, em que 96 candidatos tinham laudos de dislexia e/ou TDA/H, sendo 42 do sexo feminino e 54 do masculino, 34 destes com intenção para o curso de medicina. O número de requerimentos aumentou de 2003 para 2016, assim como o uso de medicamentos, sendo que 32 candidatos comprovam o uso do composto cloridrato de metilfenidato. Neste sentido, perguntamo-nos se os diagnósticos e fármacos têm sido utilizados para facilitar o ingresso ao ensino superior. Além disso, é imprescindível que o atendimento especial a candidatos com laudos de dislexia e TDA/H seja repensado e tais pseudodiagnósticos desconstruídos, uma vez que culminam na proliferação de laudos, aumento do consumo de fármacos e, consequentemente, contribuem para o processo de medicalização da vida.

RESUMEN Se entiende por medicalización el proceso por el cual situaciones cotidianas son individualizadas y transformadas en problemas médicos. La enseñanza superior ha sido objeto de prácticas de medicalización, principalmente en relación con el Trastorno de Déficit de Atención con / sin Hiperactividad (TDA / H) y Dislexia, ya que no existe consenso sobre la existencia de estos supuestos trastornos. En este sentido, en esta investigación se tuvo como objetivo conocer y analizar los laudos de Dislexia y TDA / H utilizados para el ingreso en la Enseñanza Superior a partir de las contribuciones de la Teoría Histórico-Cultural. En este estudio, se realizó un levantamiento de los laudos en los años 2003 a 2016 presentados por candidatos junto al sector responsable por los procesos selectivos de la Universidad Federal de Uberlândia (UFU). Se incluyeron 809 solicitudes, en las cuales 96 candidatos tenían laudos de Dislexia y / o TDA / H, siendo 42 del sexo femenino y 54 del masculino, 34 de ellos con intención para el curso de Medicina. El número de solicitudes aumentó de 2003 a 2016, así como el uso de medicamentos, siendo que 32 candidatos comprueban el uso del compuesto de Metilfenidato. En este sentido, nos preguntamos si se han utilizado diagnósticos y fármacos para facilitar el ingreso en la Enseñanza Superior. Además, es imprescindible que la atención especial a candidatos con laudos de Dislexia y TDA / H sea repensada y tales pseudo diagnósticos deconstruidos, una vez que culminan en la proliferación de laudos, aumento del consumo de fármacos y, consecuentemente, contribuyen al proceso de medicalización de la vida.

ABSTRACT Medicalization is understood as the process by which daily situations are individualized and transformed into medical problems. Higher Education has been the target of medicalizing practices, especially in relation to Attention Deficit Disorder with/without Hyperactivity (ADHD) and Dyslexia, since there is no consensus about the existence of these supposed disorders. In this regard, the general objective was to know and to analyze Dyslexia and ADHD technical reports used for entry to Higher Education through Cultural-Historical Theory contributions. Technical reports of candidates presented to the sector responsible for selection processes at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), between 2003 and 2016, were examined. There were 809 applications, 96 candidates with reports for dyslexia and/or ADHD, 42 females and 54 males, 34 candidates with intention for Medical school. The number of requests increased between 2003 and 2016, as well as the use of medication; 32 candidates used methylphenidate hydrochloride. In this sense, we ask ourselves if diagnoses and medications have been used to facilitate entry to higher education. In addition, it is necessary to rethink the special attention given to candidates with dyslexia and ADHD reports and to deconstruct these supposed pseudodiagnoses, since they culminate in the proliferation of reports, increase in drug consumption and, consequently, contribute to the process of life medicalization.

Progresión de los síntomas en niños con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en tratamiento con metilfenidato / Progression of symptoms in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in treatment with methylphenidate

El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno neurobiológico frecuente en la infancia. Sus síntomas cardinales involucran a la atención y/o la impulsividad y/o la hiperactividad. Hay diferentes subtipos de TDAH según la expresividad clínica de esos tres síntomas. Hay distintas estrategias terapéuticas de alta efectividad. El metilfenidato, un estimulante que actúa en las vías dopaminérgicas y adrenérgicas, se utiliza con frecuencia en su tratamiento. El Cuestionario de Cualidades y Dificultades (SDQ) es un cuestionario de despistaje breve utilizado para la detección de problemas de salud mental en niños y adolescentes. Consta de 25 preguntas que se distribuyen en 5 escalas: sintomatología emocional, problemas de conducta, hiperactividad/inatención, problemas con los compañeros y conducta prosocial. Se recogió la puntuación del SDQ en una muestra de pacientes con TDAH con una edad situada entre los 7 y 12 años. Se comparó la puntuación obtenida antes de comenzar el tratamiento con metilfenidato y después de comenzar tratamiento, cada 3-6 meses y hasta un periodo de 2 años. Se realizó el procesamiento estadístico mediante R, que es un programa gratuito para análisis estadísticos y gráficos, y permite análisis temporales. Los resultados indican que la hiperactividad mejora a lo largo del primer año de tratamiento, la sintomatología emocional y los problemas de comportamiento mejoran durante los primeros 6 meses de tratamiento, la sintomatología prosocial mejora lentamente a lo largo de los 2 años y los problemas con compañeros no mejoran en el tiempo analizado.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder frequent in childhood. The main symptoms are attention disorder and/or impulsivity and/or hyperactivity. There are different subtypes of ADHD according to the degree of presence of these three symptoms. There are different therapeutic approaches with high proved effectiveness. Methylphenidate, a stimulant that acts through the dopaminergic and adrenergic pathways, is commonly used for the treatment of ADHD. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a brief behavioural screening instrument internationally used for the screening of mental health problems in children and adolescents. It consists in a 25 items questionnaire with 5 different scales: emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity / inattention, peer relationship problems and prosocial behaviours. The SDQ score was collected in a sample of ADHD patients with an age between 7 and 12 years. The score obtained before starting treatment with methylphenidate was compared before and after starting treatment, every 3-6 months and up to a period of 2 years. Statistical processing was performed using R, which is a free program for statistical and graphical analysis, that allows temporary analysis. The results indicate that hyperactivity improves throughout the first year of treatment, emotional symptoms and behavioral problems improve during the first 6 months of treatment, pro-social symptoms slowly improve over 2 years. Problems with partners do not improve in the analyzed time.

Estudo da utilização de metilfenidato em uma unidade básica de saúde / Study of use of methylphenidate in a basic healthcare unit

Introdução: Considerando o elevado consumo de metilfenidato, fármaco psicoestimulante empregado no tratamento do Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade, verifica-se a necessidade de monitoramento da sua utilização. Objetivo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a utilização de metilfenidato em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde de São José do Rio Preto/SP, Brasil. Casuística e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo exploratório. Foram analisadas as notificações de receita de metilfenidato de 99 pacientes no período de janeiro a setembro de 2017. A coleta dos dados demográficos, clínicos e farmacológicos, foi realizada através do sistema informatizado do Componente Básico da Assistência Farmacêutica da farmácia da unidade. Resultados: A idade dos usuários de metilenidato variou de cinco a 44 anos de idade. Houve predomínio do sexo masculino (78%). A maioria das notificações era do setor privado (59%). Identificou-se prescrição por seis diferentes especialidades médicas, sendo que a maior parte foi prescrita pela neurologia (58%), seguida pela neurologia pediátrica (23%). Quanto à dosagem do metilfenidato, a concentração diária mais frequente foi de 20 mg em 49% das notificações. A maior dosagem prescrita foi de 60 mg para um paciente adulto. A maior parte dos pacientes em uso de metilfenidato eram crianças entre cinco e 12 anos de idade (64%), e destes, 66% eram do sexo masculino. Conclusão: Verifica-se predomínio da prescrição do metilfenidato para crianças do sexo masculino. As dosagens variam entre 10 e 60 mg. A maior parte das prescrições foi emitida por neurologistas e psiquiatras de estabelecimentos privados, entretanto, identificou-se a prescrição por profissionais não especializados em saúde mental.

Introduction: The methylphenidate is a psychostimulant drug used for the treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity with high consumption, and its monitoring is necessary. Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the use of methylphenidate in a Basic Healthcare Unit in São José do Rio Preto/SP, Brazil. Patients and Methods: This is an exploratory and descriptive study. Methylphenidate prescriptions were analyzed related to 99 patients during the period from January to September 2017. The demographic, clinical and pharmacological data were collected using the computerized system of the drug product dispensing department of the healthcare unit. Results: Age ranged from five to 44 years of age. There was a predominance of males (78%). The majority of notifications were from the private sector (59%). It was identified the prescription from six different medical specialties, and the most of it was prescribed by neurology (58%), followed by pediatric neurology (23%). As for the dosage of methylphenidate, the most frequent daily concentration found in the prescriptions was 20 mg (49% of prescriptions). The highest dosage prescribed was 60 mg for an adult patient. The most part of patients using methylphenidate were children between five and 12 years of age (64%), which 66% were male. Conclusion: There is a predominance of prescription of methylphenidate for male children. The dosages vary between 10 and 60 mg. The majority of the prescriptions were issued by neurologists and psychiatrists of private establishments. Furthermore, it was identified the prescription by professionals who are not specialized in mental health.

Tratamiento del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en la práctica clínica habitual: Estudio retrospectivo / Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in clinical practice. A retrospective study

El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo complejo y heterogéneo, de carácter crónico, de etiología multifactorial, principalmente debida a factores genéticos y ambientales. Realizamos un estudio analítico retrospectivo del tratamiento de niños diagnosticados de TDAH. Se estudió una muestra de 82 niños diagnosticados de TDAH (74.4% niños y 25.6% niñas). El 96.3% de los casos presentaba algún trastorno asociado. El tratamiento farmacológico fue el tratamiento de elección (90.2%). El 46.0% recibía metilfenidato de liberación inmediata, un 51.4% metilfenidato de liberación sostenida y la atomoxetina solo se recetó en un 2.7% de los casos. El 20.3% de la muestra abandonó en algún momento el tratamiento farmacológico. El tratamiento farmacológico fue la opción más utilizada en nuestra muestra, y el metilfenidato de liberación inmediata el fármaco de elección para inicio del tratamiento. Se utilizan poco las alternativas a los estimulantes. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el tipo de tratamiento y el subtipo de TDAH o el género, aunque sí en cuanto a la edad de inicio del tratamiento.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder, of a chronic nature, of multifactorial etiology, mainly due to genetic and environmental factors. We conducted a retrospective analytical study of the t herapeutic management of children diagnosed with ADHD. A sample of 82 children diagnosed with ADHD (74.4% children and 25.6% girls) was studied. 96.3% of the cases presented some associated disorder. Pharmacological treatment was the treatment of choice (90.2%). 46.0% received immediate release methylphenidate, 51.4% sustained release methylphenidate and atomoxetine was only prescribed in 2.7% of patients. 20.3% of the sample abandoned pharmacological treatment at some point. Pharmacological treatment was the most frequent option in our sample, and methylphenidate immediate release the drug of choice for treatment initiation. The alternatives to stimulants are used in very low percentage of the patient. No significant differences were found between the type of treatment regarding the subtype of ADHD or gender, but we found significant difference in relation with the age of onset of treatment.

TDAH e Ritalina: neuronarrativas em uma comunidade virtual da Rede Social Facebook / ADHD and Ritalin: neuronarratives in a virtual community of Facebook Social Network

Resumo O Trantorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) destaca-se por atingir cerca de 5% a 10% da população infanto-juvenil em diversos continentes, sendo a principal opção de tratamento o uso do metilfenidato (Ritalina). Neste contexto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender como os conteúdos veiculados nas redes sociais (comunidades virtuais) influenciam no modo pelo qual os familiares, membros destas comunidades, entendem o TDAH e o tratamento, bem como lidam com seus filhos com suspeita ou já diagnosticados com TDAH. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na perspectiva da Antropologia Médica. A etnografia virtual foi elegida como metodologia de investigação para adentrar a uma comunidade virtual da rede social Facebook. Observou-se que a comunidade virtual investigada, constituída por mães de crianças e adolescentes diagnosticados com TDAH, discute principalmente o uso da medicação para tratamento do TDAH em seus filhos. As narrativas indicam que causa muita angústia em algumas mães darem a seus filhos um medicamento controlado. O sofrimento dos pais mediante as dificuldades de lidarem com seus filhos induz a ideia de que há necessidade de uma solução médica, pois vivemos em uma era em que os percalços da vida tornaram-se patologias.

Abstract Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is notable for affecting between 5% and 10% of the child and adolescent populations in several continents. The main treatment for this is methylphenidate (Ritalin). In this context, the objective of this research was to understand how the contents transmitted in social networks (virtual communities) influence the way family members of these communities understand ADHD and its treatment, as well as how they deal with their children who are suspected of having, or are already diagnosed with, ADHD. The research was developed from the standpoint of Medical Anthropology. Virtual ethnography was chosen as the research methodology to observe a virtual community from the social network Facebook. The virtual community investigated consisted mainly of mothers of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD, and it was observed that they mainly discuss the use of medication (Ritalin or Concerta) to treat ADHD in their children. The narratives show that it causes a lot of anxiety in some mothers to give their children controlled substances. We live in an age in which the vissicitudes of life have been pathologised. As a result, parental suffering, as caused by the difficulties of dealing with their children, leads to the idea that medical solutions are necessary for them to aleviate their children's conditions

Entre Saúde Mental e a Escola: a Gestão Autônoma da Medicação / Between Mental Health and the School: The Autonomous Management of Medication / Entre Salud Mental y la Escuela: la Gestión Autónoma de la Medicació

Quando nos referimos a um trabalho em Saúde Mental com crianças e adolescentes, é quase inevitável nos deparar com os atravessamentos do universo escolar. Não poucas vezes os encaminhamentos de crianças para os serviços de saúde mental envolvem os ditos problemas de aprendizagem e a demanda por medicamentos e laudos, principalmente os relacionados ao Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH). Neste artigo, esboçamos considerações sobre as práticas produzidas no entrecruzamento da Saúde Mental e a escola resultantes de uma pesquisa-intervenção que objetivou cartografar tais articulações e as pistas para construir um trabalho intersetorial. Para tanto, acompanhamos um grupo de Gestão Autônoma da Medicação (GAM), composto por pesquisadores, familiares de crianças em tratamento com psicotrópicos e trabalhadores do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial para infância e Adolescência de Vitória/ES (CAPSi). No grupo GAM, foi possível colocar em análise um cuidado que se dá cada vez mais desarticulado e, ao mesmo tempo, fortalecer um dispositivo de conversa e produção de práticas e saberes coletivos.

When dealing with mental health-work involving children and adolescents, it is almost inevitable to cross paths with the question of schooling. In a number of cases, the referral of children to mental health services derives from learning issues and entails requests for medication and evaluation, especially concerning Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This work presents an analysis of practices emerging at the junction of mental health care and education as well as the results of a research-intervention that aims to map the articulation between these two fields in order to collect propositions or suggestions towards the creation of an intersectorial work. We followed an Autonomous Management of Medication (GAM) group composed of researchers, parents of children being treated with psychotropic drugs and workers at Vitória's Center for Childhood and Adolescence Psychosocial Care (CAPSi). Within the GAM group, it was possible to analyse a care practice that was becoming increasingly disjointed and, at the same time, to strengthen a mechanism for dialogue and producing collective practices and knowledge.

Cuando nos referimos a un trabajo en Salud Mental con niños y adolescentes, es casi inevitable encontrarnos con los atravesamientos del universo escolar. No pocas veces la remisión de niños y adolescentes para los servicios de salud mental envuelven los renombrados problemas de aprendizaje y la demanda por medicamentos y laudos; principalmente relacionados al Trastorno de Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH). En este artículo esbozamos consideraciones sobre las prácticas producidas en el entrecruzamiento de la Salud Mental y la escuela, resultantes de una investigación-intervención que objetivó cartografiar tales articulaciones y las pistas para construir un trabajo intersectorial. En este sentido, acompañamos a un grupo de Gestión Autónoma de Medicación (GAM), compuesto por investigadores, familiares de niños y adolescentes en tratamiento con psicotrópicos y trabajadores del Centro de Atención Psicosocial para la Infancia y Adolescencia de Vitória/ES (CAPsi). En el grupo GAM, fue posible colocar en análisis un cuidado que se da cada vez más dislocado y, al mismo tiempo, fortalecer um dispositivo de conversación y producción de prácticas y saberes colectivos.

Controversias sobre ADHD y metilfenidato en discusiones sobre medicalización en Argentina y Brasil / Controvérsias sobre TDAH e metilfenidato nas discussões sobre medicalização na Argentina e no Brasil / Controversies about ADHD and methylphenidate in discussions on medicalization in Argentina and Brazil

Resumen El trabajo tiene como objetivo ofrecer un análisis sistemático de algunos resultados de investigaciones realizadas en Argentina y Brasil relacionadas con el uso del metilfenidato, su prescripción y la regulación de la venta. También examinamos las discusiones entre investigadores y profesionales que asisten a personas diagnosticadas con TDAH en ambos países. El artículo integra dos campos de investigación. En Argentina se analizaron artículos de prensa, datos numéricos de organizaciones oficiales y profesionales y entrevistas semiestructuradas de profesionales de salud individuales y grupales realizadas entre 2007 y 2011. En Brasil se analizaron las revistas científicas, la observación participante y los profesores de las escuelas y los profesionales de la salud. Las conclusiones incluyen que los movimientos sociales en ambos países se han organizado y articulado, en un intento de promover el debate sobre la medicalización de la infancia y su despliegue en la sociedad.

Abstract The paper aims to offer a systematic analysis of some results from investigations conducted in Argentina and Brazil relating on the use of methylphenidate, its prescription and sale's regulation. We also examined the discussions among researchers and professionals assisting individuals diagnosed with ADHD in both countries. The article integrates two research fields. In Argentina, newspaper articles, official and professional organizations' numeric data, and individual and group health professionals semi structured interviews conducted between 2007 and 2011 were analyzed. In Brazil scientific journals, participant observation and school teachers and health professionals were analyzed. Conclusions include that social movements in both countries have been organized and articulated, in an attempt to promote discussion on the medicalization of childhood and its deployment in society.

Resumo O artigo pretende oferecer uma análise sistemática de alguns resultados das investigações realizadas na Argentina e no Brasil sobre o uso de metilfenidato, sua prescrição e regulamento de venda. Também examinamos as discussões entre pesquisadores e profissionais que atendem indivíduos com diagnóstico de TDAH em ambos os países. O artigo integra dois campos de pesquisa. Na Argentina, foram analisados artigos de jornal, dados numéricos das organizações oficiais e profissionais e entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais e grupais de profissionais de saúde realizadas entre 2007 e 2011. No Brasil, foram analisadas as revistas científicas, a observação participante e professores e profissionais de saúde. Conclui-se que os movimentos sociais nos dois países foram organizados e articulados, na tentativa de promover a discussão sobre a medicalização da infância e sua implantação na sociedade.

Uso racional de medicamentos, farmaceuticalização e usos do metilfenidato / Rational use of medicines, pharmaceuticalization and uses of methylphenidate

Resumo O uso racional de medicamentos (URM) é considerado um dos elementos-chave recomendados pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) para as políticas de medicamentos. O crescimento excessivo no uso de medicamentos em muitos países tem sido apontado como uma importante barreira para o alcance do URM e faz parte de um fenômeno denominado ´farmaceuticalização´ da sociedade. Desta forma, o presente artigo objetiva apresentar movimentos para racionalizar o uso do metilfenidato no Brasil e discutir os limites impostos tendo como referência o conceito de farmaceuticalização da sociedade. Trata-se de estudo exploratório, realizado por meio de narrativa da literatura científica. As controvérsias acerca dos usos do metilfenidato o torna um bom exemplo deste fenômeno podendo auxiliar na reflexão e na construção de novos caminhos para os limites encontrados pelo conceito de uso racional de medicamentos.

Abstract The rational use of medicines (URM) is considered one of the key elements recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for pharmaceutical policies. The excessive increase in the use of medicines in many countries has been identified as a major barrier to the achievement of URM and is part of a phenomenon called the 'pharmaceuticalization' of the society. This paper aims to present innitiatives to rationalize the use of methylphenidate and its limits in Brazil, considering the concept of pharmaceuticalization of the society. It is an exploratory study, based on a narrative review of the scientific literature. Controversies about the uses of methylphenidate make it a good example of this phenomenon and may help in the reflection and construction of new paths to the limits found by the concept of rational use of medicines.

Can the success of structured therapy for giggle incontinence be predicted?

ABSTRACT Introduction: To evaluate possible factors that can guide the clinician to predict potential cases refractoriness to medical treatment for giggle incontinence (GI) and to examine the effectiveness of different treatment modalities. Material and methods: The data of 48 children referred to pediatric urology outpatient clinic between 2000 and 2013 diagnosed as GI were reviewed. Mean age, follow-up, GI frequency, associated symptoms, medical and family history were noted. Incontinence frequency differed between several per day to less than once weekly. Children were evaluated with uroflowmetry-electromyography and post-void residual urine. Clinical success was characterized as a full or partial response, or nonresponse as defined by the International Children's Continence Society. Univariate analysis was used to find potential factors including age, sex, familial history, GI frequency, treatment modality and dysfunctional voiding to predict children who would possibly not respond to treatment. Results: Mean age of the patients was 8.4 years (range 5 to 16). Mean follow-up time and mean duration of asymptomatic period were noted as 6.7±1.4 years and 14.2±2.3 months respectively. While 12 patients were treated with only behavioral urotherapy (Group-1), 11 patients were treated with alpha-adrenergic blockers and behavioral urotherapy (Group-2) and 18 patients with methylphenidate and behavioral urotherapy (Group-3). Giggle incontinence was refractory to eight children in-group 1; six children in-group 2 and eight children in-group 3. Daily GI frequency and dysfunctional voiding diagnosed on uroflowmetry-EMG were found as outstanding predictive factors for resistance to treatment modalities. Conclusions: A variety of therapies for GI have more than 50% failure rate and a standard treatment for GI has not been established. The use of medications to treat these patients would not be recommended, as they appear to add no benefit to symptoms and may introduce severe adverse effects.

Cost-utility analysis of methylphenidate treatment for children and adolescents with ADHD in Brazil

Objective: To perform a cost-utility analysis on the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with methylphenidate immediate-release (MPH-IR) in children and adolescents from Brazil. Method: A Markov model was constructed to compare MPH-IR vs. no treatment. A 24-week naturalistic study was conducted to collect transition probabilities and utility data. Effectiveness was expressed as quality-adjusted life-years (QALY), and costs reported in 2014 international dollars (I$). The perspective was the Brazilian Unified Health System as payer, and the time horizon was 6 years. Results: Of 171 patients, 73 provided information at baseline, and 56 at week 24. Considering the MPH-IR monthly cost of I$ 38, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of treatment was I$ 9,103/QALY for children and I$ 11,883/QALY for adolescents. In two-way sensitivity analysis, considering one Gross National Product per capita (I$ 11,530) as willingness-to-pay, a cost of no-treatment lower than I$ 45/month would render MPH-IR a cost-saving strategy. Discussion: MPH-IR treatment of children and adolescents is cost-effective for ADHD patients from the Brazilian public health system perspective. Both patients and the healthcare system might benefit from such a strategy. Trial registration number: NCT01705613.

Differences in Utilization Patterns among Medications in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a 36-Month Retrospective Study Using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Claims Database

We evaluated the differences in utilization patterns including persistence and adherence among medications in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study was performed using data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment claims database from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2013. Our study sample consisted of 10,343 children and adolescents with ADHD who were not given their newly prescribed medication in 360 days before the initial claim in 2010. Data were followed up from the initiation of treatment with ADHD medications in 2010 to December 31, 2013. Discontinuation rates for 4 ADHD medications in our sample ranged from 97.7% for immediate-release methylphenidate to 99.4% for atomoxetine using refill gap more than 30 days and from 56.7% for immediate-release methylphenidate to 62.3% for extended-release methylphenidate using refill gap more than 60 days. In the number of discontinued, we found significant differences among medications using refill gap more than 30 days. Among 4 ADHD medications, extended-release methylphenidate and atomoxetine had more days than immediate-release methylphenidate and osmotic-controlled oral delivery system methylphenidate. In logistic regression analyses, extended-release methylphenidate, osmotic-controlled oral delivery system methylphenidate, and atomoxetine showed less discontinuation compared to immediate-release methylphenidate group when a refill gap more than 30 days was used. In logistic regression analysis of adherence, we could not find any differences among 4 medication types. We suggest that the utilization patterns should be assessed regularly in order to improve future outcomes in children and adolescents with ADHD.

Differences in Utilization Patterns among Medications in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a 36-Month Retrospective Study Using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Claims Database

We evaluated the differences in utilization patterns including persistence and adherence among medications in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study was performed using data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment claims database from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2013. Our study sample consisted of 10,343 children and adolescents with ADHD who were not given their newly prescribed medication in 360 days before the initial claim in 2010. Data were followed up from the initiation of treatment with ADHD medications in 2010 to December 31, 2013. Discontinuation rates for 4 ADHD medications in our sample ranged from 97.7% for immediate-release methylphenidate to 99.4% for atomoxetine using refill gap more than 30 days and from 56.7% for immediate-release methylphenidate to 62.3% for extended-release methylphenidate using refill gap more than 60 days. In the number of discontinued, we found significant differences among medications using refill gap more than 30 days. Among 4 ADHD medications, extended-release methylphenidate and atomoxetine had more days than immediate-release methylphenidate and osmotic-controlled oral delivery system methylphenidate. In logistic regression analyses, extended-release methylphenidate, osmotic-controlled oral delivery system methylphenidate, and atomoxetine showed less discontinuation compared to immediate-release methylphenidate group when a refill gap more than 30 days was used. In logistic regression analysis of adherence, we could not find any differences among 4 medication types. We suggest that the utilization patterns should be assessed regularly in order to improve future outcomes in children and adolescents with ADHD.

Naturalistic Pharmacotherapy Compliance among Pediatric Patients with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Study Based on Three-Year Nationwide Data

We examined short- and long-term medication compliance among youth with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), using data from the National Health Insurance database in Korea. Of the 5,699,202 6-14-year-old youth in 2008, we chose those with at least 1 medical claim containing an ICD-10 code for diagnosis of ADHD (F90.0) and no prescription for ADHD within the previous 365 days. We tracked the data every 6 months between 2008 and 2011, to determine treatment compliance among newly diagnosed, medicated patients. Further, we checked every 1 month of the 6 months after treatment commencement. Treatment continuity for each patient was calculated by sequentially counting the continuous prescriptions. For measuring compliance, we applied the medication possession ratio (MPR) as 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8, and the gap method as 15- and 30-days' intervals. There were 15,133 subjects; 11,934 (78.86%) were boys. Overall 6-month treatment compliance was 59.0%, 47.3%, 39.9%, 34.1%, 28.6%, and 23.1%. Monthly drop-out rates within the first 6 months were 20.6%, 6.5%, 4.7%, 3.7%, 3.0%, and 2.5%, respectively. When applying MPR more strictly or shorter gap days, treatment compliance lessened. This is the first nationwide report on 36-month treatment compliance of the whole population of 6-14-year-olds with ADHD. We found the beginning of the treatment, especially the first month, to be a critical period in pharmacotherapy. These results also suggest the importance of setting appropriate treatment adherence standards for patients with ADHD, considering the chronic course of ADHD.

Possible benefit of consolidation therapy with high-dose cytarabine on overall survival of adults with non-promyelocytic acute myeloid leukemia

In adults with non-promyelocytic acute myeloid leukemia (AML), high-dose cytarabine consolidation therapy has been shown to influence survival in selected patients, although the appropriate doses and schemes have not been defined. We evaluated survival after calculating the actual dose of cytarabine that patients received for consolidation therapy and divided them into 3 groups according to dose. We conducted a single-center, retrospective study involving 311 non-promyelocytic AML patients with a median age of 36 years (16-79 years) who received curative treatment between 1978 and 2007. The 131 patients who received cytarabine consolidation were assigned to study groups by their cytarabine dose protocol. Group 1 (n=69) received <1.5 g/m2 every 12 h on 3 alternate days for up to 4 cycles. The remaining patients received high-dose cytarabine (≥1.5 g/m2 every 12 h on 3 alternate days for up to 4 cycles). The actual dose received during the entire consolidation period in these patients was calculated, allowing us to divide these patients into 2 additional groups. Group 2 (n=27) received an intermediate-high-dose (<27 g/m2), and group 3 (n=35) received a very-high-dose (≥27 g/m2). Among the 311 patients receiving curative treatment, the 5-year survival rate was 20.2% (63 patients). The cytarabine consolidation dose was an independent determinant of survival in multivariate analysis; age, karyotype, induction protocol, French-American-British classification, and de novo leukemia were not. Comparisons showed that the risk of death was higher in the intermediate-high-dose group 2 (hazard ratio [HR]=4.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.81-11.21) and the low-dose group 1 (HR=4.43; 95% CI: 1.97-9.96) than in the very-high-dose group 3, with no significant difference between those two groups. Our findings indicated that very-high-dose cytarabine during consolidation in adults with non-promyelocytic AML may improve survival.